Recursos “escondidos” do Python

Resposta que eu dei à pergunta: Quais são alguns dos recursos ocultos do Python? no Quora.

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1. Atribuição múltipla (com tuple unpacking)

a, b, c = 1, 2, 3

2. Com isso dá para trocar o valor de variáveis

a, b = b, a

3. Encadeamento de comparadores

x = 3
print(1 < x < 5) # True

4. Generators

def fib(max):
    n1, n2 = 0, 1
    for i in range(max):
        yield n1
        n1, n2 = n2, n1 + n2
f = fib(20)
for i in f:
    print(i)

5. If em uma linha

aliquota = 0.05 if valor < 1000 else 0.07

6. List comprehension

# Quadrados dos números de 0 a 99
[i ** 2 for i in range(100)]

# Quadrados dos números de 0 a 99, apenas
# se o resultado não contém o dígito "4"
[i ** 2 for i in range(100) if not '4' in str(i**2)]

7. Invertendo uma string

a = a[::-1]

8. enumerate

for i, l in enumerate('palavra'):
    print (i, l, end=' / ')
# 0 p / 1 a / 2 l / 3 a / 4 v / 5 r / 6 a /

9. Unpacking estendido (só Python 3)

a, *b, c = "unpacking"
print(a, b, c)
# u ['n', 'p', 'a', 'c', 'k', 'i', 'n'] g

10. Dict comprehension

d = {i: i**2 for i in range(10)}
print(d)
# {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36}

11. String formatting

dados={'nome': 'Joaquim', 'email': 'jsilva@fbi.gov'}
print('%(nome)s <%(email)s>' % dados)
# Joaquim <jsilva@fbi.gov>
print('{nome} <{email}>'.format(**dados))
# Joaquim <jsilva@fbi.gov>

12. zip

list(zip([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]))
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

Módulos Úteis

1. collections

import collections
print(collections.Counter('banana'))
# Counter({'a': 3, 'n': 2, 'b': 1})
d = collections.defaultdict(lambda:'...')
d['nome'] = 'Teste'
print(d['nome']) # Teste
print(d['idade']) # ...

2. pprint

from pprint import pprint
pprint(['a' * i for i in range(20)])
# ['',
#  'a',
#  'aa',
#  'aaa',
#  'aaaa',
#  'aaaaa',
#  'aaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
#  'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa']

3. itertools

import itertools
for i in itertools.permutations("123"):
    print("".join(i), end=", ")
# 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321,
for i in itertools.product("01", repeat=3):
    print("".join(i), end=", ")
# 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111,

4. SimpleHTTPServer

➜  ~ python -m SimpleHTTPServer
Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 ...

5. webbrowser

import webbrowser
webbrowser.open('https://campus.visie.com.br/')

6. atexit

➜  ~ python3 -q
>>> def teste():
...     print('Bye!')
...
>>> import atexit
>>> atexit.register(teste)
<function teste at 0x10973a620>
>>> ^D
Bye!
➜  ~ _

7. base64

import base64
print(base64.b64encode(b'Teste'))
# b'VGVzdGU='

8. gzip

import gzip
print(gzip.open('teste.txt.gz').read())

Easter Eggs

Tente aí:

>> import this
>> import hello
>> import antigravity
>> from __future__ import braces